Friday, 17 October 2014
Saturday, 7 June 2014
Saturday, 10 May 2014
Hydrograph modeling using command prompt, TREX and Notepad ++.
Hydrograph modeling using command prompt, TREX and Notepad ++.
1. Open command prompt on computer
Start > accessories > command prompt.
Or.
Search command prompt on search application.
2. Type cd . . Then press enter. Cd is stand for change directory.
3. Repeat step 2 until you get the c:\>
4. Go the folder that you saving the TREX file, Input, OLSR which is on Distributed Model File.
Copy the address and then paste on the command prompt.
*attention : Make sure that you put all the file that you want to execute in one folder.
In hydrological study, TREX, INPUT, OLSR, and inp format file must be in the same folder.
5. Type dir for the directory. By using dir, you gonna ask the computer to view all the material or file that contain in that folder.In this case is distributed model file. Then all the file and things that contain in the folder will be list out.
6. Then type T and tab one to type TREX on the command prompt. After that type L and tab to type LSR.
By using tab, this is the shortcut way to type TREX and LSR.
The picture for TREX and LSR is shown on picture below.
7. After that click enter. The file on the input will be executed and read by the systems.
8. This simulation will take several time, mostly hours before finish. Please dont open file on output directly because while it was on running, opening the file will interupted the simulation. If in the emergency cases, and you want to stop the simulation, type control c to stop simulation.
9. The resurlt of this simulation is would be a hydrograph of rainfall.
The End
Saturday, 3 May 2014
ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER ( BHOPAL CHEMICAL DISASTER)
RISK AND HAZARD ASSESSMENT (ECW 736)
ASSIGNMENT 1 : ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER
( BHOPAL CHEMICAL DISASTER)
THE BHOPAL DISASTER
INTRODUCTION
The Bhopal Disaster is a disaster that relate with Environment, Human and Economy. The Bhopal Disaster is a well known chemical disaster that have occurred on the night of 2 and 3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. It is known as the worst industrial disaster that had happened in human history. The disaster had killed 2259 innocent citizen and yet 8000 had died after two weeks. Over 500, 000 people were exposed to Methyl iso-cyanate gases and other chemicals.
Methyl iso-cyanate is an organic compound ( intermediate chemical) in the production or Carbaryl, Carbofuran and Methomyl. It have been use widely in rubbers industries and adhesives. It is a highly toxical chemical and extremely hazardous to human health. It is a principal or main chemical that had killed 8000 people initially and approximately 20,000 to 30,000 people in total in Bhopal Disaster.
HOW IT HAPPENED
During the night of December 2-3 1984, a storage tank containing methyl iso-cyanate at the Union Carbide leaked gas into the environment with populated city of Bhopal. It is happened when there is a water leaked into the tank E610 which caused the Methyl iso-cyanate to heat up. It was happened during the routine cleaning of the pipe but the safety valve inside the pipe were faulty and the water leak into the tank. Methyl Iso-cyanate react actively with water and heat up the tank and its pressure gauge. Union Carbide had claim that there are a sabotage by the workers.
Due to high pressure, By 12.15 am, on the morning of December 3, 1984, MIC ( Methyl Iso-cyanate) gas were leaking out from the storage tank. It is estimate that there are 27 tons of MIC gas escaped out of the container and spread across the densely populated city of Bhopal. Although a warning siren was turned on, it was quickly turned off again not to cause panic.
At that night, most of the Bhopal resident is sleeping. Some of them woke up because they heard their children coughing and choking on the fumes. As they jumped up from their bed, they felt their eyes and throat burning. There are some of them fell into the ground unconscious and died.
FIGURE 1.0 : THE SYSTEMS THAT FAIL
HAZARD OF METHYL ISOCYANATE TO HEALTH
There are several Health effect of Methyl Iso-cyanate, one of it is Physological Effect. The people who survive from the disaster had to face trauma for their whole life since the disaster has taken away their family from them. The dies of cattle and economy drop had make them become poorer than before.
Methyl Iso-cyanate is a very toxic gas that can enter into human body through inhalation. Many of the victims killed because they inhaled the toxic gases. There are a few of the victim have a coma, significant lesions in the central nervous system. Generally the health effect of MIC can be divided into two which is Immediate health effect and Long term Health effect. Those two effect are :
Immediate Health Effect ( 0-6 month) Long Term Health Effects
⦁ Ocular: Chemosis (eye irritation), redness, watering, ulcers, photophobia
⦁ Ocular: Persistent watering, corneal opacities, chronic conjunctivitis
⦁
⦁ Respiratory: Distress, pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, pneumothorax
⦁ Respiratory: Obstructive and restrictive airway disease, decreased lung function
⦁ Gastrointestinal: Persistent diarrhea, anorexia, persistent abdominal pain
⦁ Reproductive: Increased pregnancy loss, increased infant mortality, decreased placental/fetal weight
⦁ Psychological: Neuroses, anxiety states, adjustment reactions
⦁ Genetic: Increased chromosomal abnormalities
⦁ Neurobehavioral: Impaired audio and visual memory, impaired vigilance attention and response time, Impaired reasoning and spatial ability, impaired psychomotor coordination
⦁ Neurobehavioral: Impaired associate learning, motor speed, and precision
⦁ ⦁ Cancer and Leukimia
⦁
TABLE 1 : THE HEALTH EFFECT OF METHYL ISO-CYANATE
RISK PEOPLE
Bhopal Disaster name is taken from the name of the city that the disaster happened. Bhopal is the city of Madya Pradesh is one of the fastest growing city in India in the 1960s and 1970s. There are so many unemployed people from the countryside came here looking for jobs and opportunity. The state government was very interested in industrial base. As in other Indian cities, growth was haphazard and planning frequently followed after people had settled on an unoccupied area of land and built themselves improvised shelters.
The resident house is basically made from mud and lacked of basic infrastructure such as piped water, sewage , road and electricity. There are about 300 000 population of Bhopal people when UCIL ( Union Carbide International Limited ) building the first plant. After some times, the population is increasing. The large portion of the area next to the plant is still uninhabited though it was about 2 miles from the center of the old city and very near to neighborhood with hospital and railway station. Because of the first plant, electricity was brought to the city and supplied to many part of the city.
The Bhopal Disaster is risky to approximately 800 000 people around the area especially to the children, woman, and men. There are some people state that there are about 200 000 children affected by the disaster. The gases spread over 40 square kilometer affected all the people at that region.
The next affected or risky people is the workers of Bhopal Disaster. The workers of Union Carbide did not given much information about what they are doing. Many of the expertise had quit from the company due to company situation about workers welfare. The workers is the first risky people that exposed to chemical hazard from Bhopal Disaster. Some of them are trapped and died in the plant area.
HAZARD LIKELIHOOD
Generally there are five type of hazard which is Chemical Hazard, Physical Hazard, Biological Hazard, Psychological Hazard and Radiation Hazard. In Bhopal Disaster, there are two main hazard which is Chemical hazard and Physical hazard. The type of hazard and their likelihood is shown in the table below.
HAZARD TYPE OF HAZARD LIKELIHOOD
Methyl Iso-cyanate Chemical Hazard Unevitable :
Methyl Iso-cyanate ( MIC) is a very toxic chemical and dangerous to human and environment. People who expose to it will suffer several health effect which is eye irritation and cancer.
Generally cause dead to human.
Carbaryl Chemical Hazard Highly Likely :
Carbaryl is a chemical that been used as pesticide. It is classified as a likely human carcinogen.
Carbaryl also can cause cancer. Generally can cause dead if exposed for long time.
Chloroform Chemical Hazard Highly Likely :
Another product from Bhopal Disaster. Chloroform has contaminate the ground water that been drinking by people. Chloroform has been found in woman breast milk at Bhopal. It is immediately dangerous to life and health at approximately 500 ppm, Breathing about 900 ppm for a short time can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headache.
Heat Physical Hazard Possible :
Heat is a physical hazard from Bhopal Disaster. The heat is come from the reaction of MIC with water inside the tank.
Heat can cause Dehydration and heat stress Also can cause fatigue and disorientation. Heat can possibly cause dead to human if exposed for a long time.
Stress Psychological Hazard Possible :
Stress cause by the management of Union Carbide that did not take care about workers. They neglect safety of the workers and citizen. Stress can cause mental disorder to workers and lead to suicide.
Conclusion
The Bhopal disaster was the product of a capitalist system which puts profits before human life and exploits global inequalities. To prevent further such disasters, we need a new system in which workers control production so that they can use safety wisely, and where production is for need not for profit, so there is no incentive. The Bhopal Disaster is a moral story of where sustainable development is important. Three root of sustainable development which is Human, Environment and Socio Economy must be maintain to make sure that the country is in right pathway.
References
⦁ Case Study : Bhopal plant disaster pdf ( M.J Peterson, 2009)
⦁ Greenpeace : Justice for Bhopal
www.greenpeace.org/justice for bhopal (2013).
⦁ Article The Bhopal gas tragedy : An environmental disaster ( S. Sri Ramachari, April 2004).
⦁ Methyl Iso Cyanate Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet,
( http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1270.pdf )
(New jersey department of health and senior service, April 2002 ).
ASSIGNMENT 1 : ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER
( BHOPAL CHEMICAL DISASTER)
THE BHOPAL DISASTER
INTRODUCTION
The Bhopal Disaster is a disaster that relate with Environment, Human and Economy. The Bhopal Disaster is a well known chemical disaster that have occurred on the night of 2 and 3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. It is known as the worst industrial disaster that had happened in human history. The disaster had killed 2259 innocent citizen and yet 8000 had died after two weeks. Over 500, 000 people were exposed to Methyl iso-cyanate gases and other chemicals.
Methyl iso-cyanate is an organic compound ( intermediate chemical) in the production or Carbaryl, Carbofuran and Methomyl. It have been use widely in rubbers industries and adhesives. It is a highly toxical chemical and extremely hazardous to human health. It is a principal or main chemical that had killed 8000 people initially and approximately 20,000 to 30,000 people in total in Bhopal Disaster.
HOW IT HAPPENED
During the night of December 2-3 1984, a storage tank containing methyl iso-cyanate at the Union Carbide leaked gas into the environment with populated city of Bhopal. It is happened when there is a water leaked into the tank E610 which caused the Methyl iso-cyanate to heat up. It was happened during the routine cleaning of the pipe but the safety valve inside the pipe were faulty and the water leak into the tank. Methyl Iso-cyanate react actively with water and heat up the tank and its pressure gauge. Union Carbide had claim that there are a sabotage by the workers.
Due to high pressure, By 12.15 am, on the morning of December 3, 1984, MIC ( Methyl Iso-cyanate) gas were leaking out from the storage tank. It is estimate that there are 27 tons of MIC gas escaped out of the container and spread across the densely populated city of Bhopal. Although a warning siren was turned on, it was quickly turned off again not to cause panic.
At that night, most of the Bhopal resident is sleeping. Some of them woke up because they heard their children coughing and choking on the fumes. As they jumped up from their bed, they felt their eyes and throat burning. There are some of them fell into the ground unconscious and died.
FIGURE 1.0 : THE SYSTEMS THAT FAIL
HAZARD OF METHYL ISOCYANATE TO HEALTH
There are several Health effect of Methyl Iso-cyanate, one of it is Physological Effect. The people who survive from the disaster had to face trauma for their whole life since the disaster has taken away their family from them. The dies of cattle and economy drop had make them become poorer than before.
Methyl Iso-cyanate is a very toxic gas that can enter into human body through inhalation. Many of the victims killed because they inhaled the toxic gases. There are a few of the victim have a coma, significant lesions in the central nervous system. Generally the health effect of MIC can be divided into two which is Immediate health effect and Long term Health effect. Those two effect are :
Immediate Health Effect ( 0-6 month) Long Term Health Effects
⦁ Ocular: Chemosis (eye irritation), redness, watering, ulcers, photophobia
⦁ Ocular: Persistent watering, corneal opacities, chronic conjunctivitis
⦁
⦁ Respiratory: Distress, pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, pneumothorax
⦁ Respiratory: Obstructive and restrictive airway disease, decreased lung function
⦁ Gastrointestinal: Persistent diarrhea, anorexia, persistent abdominal pain
⦁ Reproductive: Increased pregnancy loss, increased infant mortality, decreased placental/fetal weight
⦁ Psychological: Neuroses, anxiety states, adjustment reactions
⦁ Genetic: Increased chromosomal abnormalities
⦁ Neurobehavioral: Impaired audio and visual memory, impaired vigilance attention and response time, Impaired reasoning and spatial ability, impaired psychomotor coordination
⦁ Neurobehavioral: Impaired associate learning, motor speed, and precision
⦁ ⦁ Cancer and Leukimia
⦁
TABLE 1 : THE HEALTH EFFECT OF METHYL ISO-CYANATE
RISK PEOPLE
Bhopal Disaster name is taken from the name of the city that the disaster happened. Bhopal is the city of Madya Pradesh is one of the fastest growing city in India in the 1960s and 1970s. There are so many unemployed people from the countryside came here looking for jobs and opportunity. The state government was very interested in industrial base. As in other Indian cities, growth was haphazard and planning frequently followed after people had settled on an unoccupied area of land and built themselves improvised shelters.
The resident house is basically made from mud and lacked of basic infrastructure such as piped water, sewage , road and electricity. There are about 300 000 population of Bhopal people when UCIL ( Union Carbide International Limited ) building the first plant. After some times, the population is increasing. The large portion of the area next to the plant is still uninhabited though it was about 2 miles from the center of the old city and very near to neighborhood with hospital and railway station. Because of the first plant, electricity was brought to the city and supplied to many part of the city.
The Bhopal Disaster is risky to approximately 800 000 people around the area especially to the children, woman, and men. There are some people state that there are about 200 000 children affected by the disaster. The gases spread over 40 square kilometer affected all the people at that region.
The next affected or risky people is the workers of Bhopal Disaster. The workers of Union Carbide did not given much information about what they are doing. Many of the expertise had quit from the company due to company situation about workers welfare. The workers is the first risky people that exposed to chemical hazard from Bhopal Disaster. Some of them are trapped and died in the plant area.
HAZARD LIKELIHOOD
Generally there are five type of hazard which is Chemical Hazard, Physical Hazard, Biological Hazard, Psychological Hazard and Radiation Hazard. In Bhopal Disaster, there are two main hazard which is Chemical hazard and Physical hazard. The type of hazard and their likelihood is shown in the table below.
HAZARD TYPE OF HAZARD LIKELIHOOD
Methyl Iso-cyanate Chemical Hazard Unevitable :
Methyl Iso-cyanate ( MIC) is a very toxic chemical and dangerous to human and environment. People who expose to it will suffer several health effect which is eye irritation and cancer.
Generally cause dead to human.
Carbaryl Chemical Hazard Highly Likely :
Carbaryl is a chemical that been used as pesticide. It is classified as a likely human carcinogen.
Carbaryl also can cause cancer. Generally can cause dead if exposed for long time.
Chloroform Chemical Hazard Highly Likely :
Another product from Bhopal Disaster. Chloroform has contaminate the ground water that been drinking by people. Chloroform has been found in woman breast milk at Bhopal. It is immediately dangerous to life and health at approximately 500 ppm, Breathing about 900 ppm for a short time can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headache.
Heat Physical Hazard Possible :
Heat is a physical hazard from Bhopal Disaster. The heat is come from the reaction of MIC with water inside the tank.
Heat can cause Dehydration and heat stress Also can cause fatigue and disorientation. Heat can possibly cause dead to human if exposed for a long time.
Stress Psychological Hazard Possible :
Stress cause by the management of Union Carbide that did not take care about workers. They neglect safety of the workers and citizen. Stress can cause mental disorder to workers and lead to suicide.
Conclusion
The Bhopal disaster was the product of a capitalist system which puts profits before human life and exploits global inequalities. To prevent further such disasters, we need a new system in which workers control production so that they can use safety wisely, and where production is for need not for profit, so there is no incentive. The Bhopal Disaster is a moral story of where sustainable development is important. Three root of sustainable development which is Human, Environment and Socio Economy must be maintain to make sure that the country is in right pathway.
References
⦁ Case Study : Bhopal plant disaster pdf ( M.J Peterson, 2009)
⦁ Greenpeace : Justice for Bhopal
www.greenpeace.org/justice for bhopal (2013).
⦁ Article The Bhopal gas tragedy : An environmental disaster ( S. Sri Ramachari, April 2004).
⦁ Methyl Iso Cyanate Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet,
( http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1270.pdf )
(New jersey department of health and senior service, April 2002 ).
North Port : Coastal Engineering 2013
NORTH PORT ENVIRONMENTAL FORCING
North Port is located within the tropics experiencing two seasons within the year, the northeast (November to March) and the southeast monsoons (April to October). Heavy rainfall, annual flooding and high river flows are commonly experienced during the northeast monsoon or wet season, while dry periods occur later during the season. The mean annual water temperature is 30.04 °C, whereas the mean salinity has been reported to be 30.25 %. The annual mean surface and bottom pH values vary between 7.58 and 8.25, and the mean surface dissolved oxygen (DO) was recorded as 5.38 mg/l. This area is marked by a semi-diurnal tide, which ranges from 2 m during neaps to 5.5 m during spring. In the present study, according to reports of the Malaysian Metrological Service (MMS) between 2009 and 2011, the monthly average rainfall ranged from a minimum of 190 mm in August to a maximum of 410 mm in April and May; the average was 266.91 mm. November, April and May were the months with the greatest number of raining days (400–410 mm). Other researchers have reported that the river discharge at Klang Strait is highly correlated with rainfall patterns, and as expected, the maximum river discharges were measured in November 2009 and April and May 2010.
⦁ SOIL CONDITION
The soil patterns at the North Port area are softly clays for 20 and 30 meter below and followed by firmer layers which become stronger with depth. There are also irregular sand layers. The soft silty clays in the upper layers have shear strength of the order 20 – 25 KN / sq.m.
⦁ TIDES & TIDAL STREAMS
Tidal ranges at Port Klang vary between 2 metres during neaps and 5.5 metres during springs. Lowest Astronomical Tide recorded is 0.0 metre while the Highest Astronomical Tide recorded is 6.1 metre. Tidal streams in the Klang Straits generally set in the Southerly direction at a rate of 1 to 3 knots during flood tide and in the northerly direction during ebb tide at a rate of 1.5 to 3 knots. At Northport, the maximum rate of tidal stream is attained 1 hour before LW and HW. The tidal stream changes direction about 2 hours after LW and HW. At Southport, maximum tidal stream is attained at HW and LW. The tidal stream changes direction 1 hour after HW and LW. At Westport, the maximum tidal stream is attained at LW or HW and the tidal stream changes direction 2½ - 3 hours after LW and HW. Tidal streams at the wharves in general run parallel to the wharf line. The tidal is influence by wind speed. The average wind speed direction and percentage frequency with wave height is given in Table 1.
Table 1: Percentage frequency of occurrence of wave height (H) fo given directions
Wave Height (m) South East South South West West
< 0.5 8.38 13.05 9.70 11.05
0.5 – 1.0 0.75 2.30 1.75 2.25
1.1 – 1.5 0.42 1.20 0.75 1.20
1.6 – 2.0 0.05 0.15 0.10 0.10
2.1 – 2.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10
Total* 9.60 16.70 12.30 14.70
*remaining 46.7% of observations are for waves generated in other directional sectors.
From the table we can observe that the highest wave height total is influence by the west wind direction which is 14.70 percent.
Picture 1 : Graph of expected tidal height
Picture 2 : Detailed sea condition for Port Klang for 8, 9 and 10 December 2013
⦁ BATHYMETRY.
South Kelang Strait is one of the important strait to the North Port and Port Kelang. At South Kelang Strait, there is generally about 12 meter of water within 10 meter of the shoreline. There is about 800 meter between -12 meter contours and 600 meter between the -16 meter contours. At the north west of Pulau Lumut, there is 12 meter water at about 200 meter from the shoreline and there is over 600 meter between the 12 meter contours but there is only about 400 meter between the 16 meter contours. At the anchorage reach site, there is a length of about 250 meter at the west end near the S. Labuhan Group with 12 meter water at about 200 meter from the shoreline and with 400 meter between the 12 meter contours followed by 400 meter with depth of 10 meter at 100 to 150 meter from shore and with about 400 meter between the 10 meter contours.
⦁ NAVIGATIONAL CHANNELS AND BERTHS
CHANNEL LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH
Pulau Angsa (North) 11.0 nm
(20 km) 395 m 13.3 m
Pintu Gedong Access (South) 2.3 nm
(4.3 km) 365 m 15.0 m
Fairway Opposite Northport 4.5 nm
(8.3 km) 700 m 15.0 m
Approach Channel to Southport 2.6 nm
(4.8 km) 210 m 9.0 m
Table 2 : Navigational channel length, width and depth.
⦁ DRAINAGE AND FLOOD LEVEL
North Port is close to Pulau Lumut and Kelang Town. Parts of Pulau Lumut and the surrounding areas of Kelang Town experienced flooding during the widespread floods of January, 1971. On the Pulau Lumut the area of Kampung Terunting, was flooded up to 0.5 meters above ground levels. Based on the average ground levels, the level of flooding would have been about 5.1 meter which would be lower than the Highest Astronomical Tide of 5.4 meters. The villages of Pulau Lumut is protected from the tides by dykes and bunds surrounding the village. A tidal control gate on Sungai Perigi Nenas prevents the ingress of sea water during period of high tides. The gates are open when tides are low.
NORTH PORT ISSUE : POLLUTION
The North Port is located in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, in the narrow Klang Strait; this area is important for fisheries, tourism, navigation, and transportation. After 1981, Klang Strait experienced rapid commercial and industrial development, which caused an increase in population, leading to contamination and deterioration of the marine environment quality. This rapid deterioration of the Port Klang marine environment drew international attention. Thus, several regulations, guidelines and international agreements were ratified by research organizations (Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Department of Environment) to reduce and remedy contamination caused by several anthropogenic activities, such as harbors, industrials sites, and tourism, that released high amounts of contaminants into the marine environment. Nevertheless, the current information on concentration of contaminants in Port Klang’s environment is inadequate.
⦁ WATER POLLUTION
A study done by University Malaya researchers show that concentrations of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Plumbum in sediment and in water at Port Klang area were significantly higher than the background values at which these metals are considered hazardous. The main sources of heavy metal contamination in Port Klang were industrial wastewater and port activities from the upstream of Kelang river. These hazardous substance have huge impact to human health. For example Arsenic has been linked to cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver, and prostate where as mercury can cause death.
There are also some oil slick detected on the water surface around North Port. It is believe that the oil is come from the ship and vessel that enter into the North Port. Spilled oil can harm living things because its chemical constituents are poisonous. This can affect organisms both from internal exposure to oil through ingestion or inhalation and from external exposure through skin and eye irritation. Huge Oil spill can smother some small species of fish or invertebrates and coat feathers and fur, reducing birds' and mammals' ability to maintain their body temperatures.
Picture 3 : Oil slick found at soil layer beside mangrove tree.
⦁ AIR POLLUTION
North Port severely having haze during the site visit. Visibility in Port Klang fluctuated between 0.00 and 0.5 nautical mile when the air pollutant index reached a high of 495. North Port pilots have been trained to navigate in conditions of restricted visibility besides also taking advantage of short periods of improved visibility to safely navigate ships in and out of the port.
THE WIND DIRECTION IN NORTH PORT
North Port is protected from high wind flow since it is located in the middle between Titiwangsa mountains and Sumatera island. Wind direction in North Port is not specifically in one direction. The percentage frequency for wind direction is given in table 2. From the table we can observe that the highest total wind direction is to the south and the lowest wind speed total is to the south east.
Picture 3 : wind direction in Malaysia on 8 December 2013
Table 2: Percentage frequency of occurrence of wind speed for given direction (speed up factor of x 2 applied to Subang airport data)
Wind speed (m/s) South East South South West West
< 0.6 5.2 9.1 6.7 8.0
0.6 – 3.0 2.2 2.7 2.0 2.0
3.1 – 6.6 1.3 2.5 2.0 2.1
6.7 – 10.8 0.8 2.1 1.4 2.2
10.9 – 18.8 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4
Total* 9.6 16.7 12.3 14.7
*remaining 46.7% of observation are for other directions.
Table 3: Winds fetch lengths for offshore wave generation for North Port.
Direction (oN) Fetch length (km)
5 50.0
15 45.0
25 21.0
35 15.0
45 11.6
55 13.0
65 14.4
75 14.4
85 14.4
95 22.2
105 32.2
115 77.4
125 307.5
135 210.0
145 94.0
155 95.4
165 92.0
175 81.0
185 71.2
195 59.0
205 66.4
215 95.4
225 100.0
235 105.0
245 100.0
255 105.0
265 127.5
275 137.5
285 192.5
295 360.0
305 1380.0
315 2700.0
325 2490
335 680.0
345 92.5
355 65.0
North Port is located within the tropics experiencing two seasons within the year, the northeast (November to March) and the southeast monsoons (April to October). Heavy rainfall, annual flooding and high river flows are commonly experienced during the northeast monsoon or wet season, while dry periods occur later during the season. The mean annual water temperature is 30.04 °C, whereas the mean salinity has been reported to be 30.25 %. The annual mean surface and bottom pH values vary between 7.58 and 8.25, and the mean surface dissolved oxygen (DO) was recorded as 5.38 mg/l. This area is marked by a semi-diurnal tide, which ranges from 2 m during neaps to 5.5 m during spring. In the present study, according to reports of the Malaysian Metrological Service (MMS) between 2009 and 2011, the monthly average rainfall ranged from a minimum of 190 mm in August to a maximum of 410 mm in April and May; the average was 266.91 mm. November, April and May were the months with the greatest number of raining days (400–410 mm). Other researchers have reported that the river discharge at Klang Strait is highly correlated with rainfall patterns, and as expected, the maximum river discharges were measured in November 2009 and April and May 2010.
⦁ SOIL CONDITION
The soil patterns at the North Port area are softly clays for 20 and 30 meter below and followed by firmer layers which become stronger with depth. There are also irregular sand layers. The soft silty clays in the upper layers have shear strength of the order 20 – 25 KN / sq.m.
⦁ TIDES & TIDAL STREAMS
Tidal ranges at Port Klang vary between 2 metres during neaps and 5.5 metres during springs. Lowest Astronomical Tide recorded is 0.0 metre while the Highest Astronomical Tide recorded is 6.1 metre. Tidal streams in the Klang Straits generally set in the Southerly direction at a rate of 1 to 3 knots during flood tide and in the northerly direction during ebb tide at a rate of 1.5 to 3 knots. At Northport, the maximum rate of tidal stream is attained 1 hour before LW and HW. The tidal stream changes direction about 2 hours after LW and HW. At Southport, maximum tidal stream is attained at HW and LW. The tidal stream changes direction 1 hour after HW and LW. At Westport, the maximum tidal stream is attained at LW or HW and the tidal stream changes direction 2½ - 3 hours after LW and HW. Tidal streams at the wharves in general run parallel to the wharf line. The tidal is influence by wind speed. The average wind speed direction and percentage frequency with wave height is given in Table 1.
Table 1: Percentage frequency of occurrence of wave height (H) fo given directions
Wave Height (m) South East South South West West
< 0.5 8.38 13.05 9.70 11.05
0.5 – 1.0 0.75 2.30 1.75 2.25
1.1 – 1.5 0.42 1.20 0.75 1.20
1.6 – 2.0 0.05 0.15 0.10 0.10
2.1 – 2.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10
Total* 9.60 16.70 12.30 14.70
*remaining 46.7% of observations are for waves generated in other directional sectors.
From the table we can observe that the highest wave height total is influence by the west wind direction which is 14.70 percent.
Picture 1 : Graph of expected tidal height
Picture 2 : Detailed sea condition for Port Klang for 8, 9 and 10 December 2013
⦁ BATHYMETRY.
South Kelang Strait is one of the important strait to the North Port and Port Kelang. At South Kelang Strait, there is generally about 12 meter of water within 10 meter of the shoreline. There is about 800 meter between -12 meter contours and 600 meter between the -16 meter contours. At the north west of Pulau Lumut, there is 12 meter water at about 200 meter from the shoreline and there is over 600 meter between the 12 meter contours but there is only about 400 meter between the 16 meter contours. At the anchorage reach site, there is a length of about 250 meter at the west end near the S. Labuhan Group with 12 meter water at about 200 meter from the shoreline and with 400 meter between the 12 meter contours followed by 400 meter with depth of 10 meter at 100 to 150 meter from shore and with about 400 meter between the 10 meter contours.
⦁ NAVIGATIONAL CHANNELS AND BERTHS
CHANNEL LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH
Pulau Angsa (North) 11.0 nm
(20 km) 395 m 13.3 m
Pintu Gedong Access (South) 2.3 nm
(4.3 km) 365 m 15.0 m
Fairway Opposite Northport 4.5 nm
(8.3 km) 700 m 15.0 m
Approach Channel to Southport 2.6 nm
(4.8 km) 210 m 9.0 m
Table 2 : Navigational channel length, width and depth.
⦁ DRAINAGE AND FLOOD LEVEL
North Port is close to Pulau Lumut and Kelang Town. Parts of Pulau Lumut and the surrounding areas of Kelang Town experienced flooding during the widespread floods of January, 1971. On the Pulau Lumut the area of Kampung Terunting, was flooded up to 0.5 meters above ground levels. Based on the average ground levels, the level of flooding would have been about 5.1 meter which would be lower than the Highest Astronomical Tide of 5.4 meters. The villages of Pulau Lumut is protected from the tides by dykes and bunds surrounding the village. A tidal control gate on Sungai Perigi Nenas prevents the ingress of sea water during period of high tides. The gates are open when tides are low.
NORTH PORT ISSUE : POLLUTION
The North Port is located in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, in the narrow Klang Strait; this area is important for fisheries, tourism, navigation, and transportation. After 1981, Klang Strait experienced rapid commercial and industrial development, which caused an increase in population, leading to contamination and deterioration of the marine environment quality. This rapid deterioration of the Port Klang marine environment drew international attention. Thus, several regulations, guidelines and international agreements were ratified by research organizations (Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Department of Environment) to reduce and remedy contamination caused by several anthropogenic activities, such as harbors, industrials sites, and tourism, that released high amounts of contaminants into the marine environment. Nevertheless, the current information on concentration of contaminants in Port Klang’s environment is inadequate.
⦁ WATER POLLUTION
A study done by University Malaya researchers show that concentrations of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Plumbum in sediment and in water at Port Klang area were significantly higher than the background values at which these metals are considered hazardous. The main sources of heavy metal contamination in Port Klang were industrial wastewater and port activities from the upstream of Kelang river. These hazardous substance have huge impact to human health. For example Arsenic has been linked to cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver, and prostate where as mercury can cause death.
There are also some oil slick detected on the water surface around North Port. It is believe that the oil is come from the ship and vessel that enter into the North Port. Spilled oil can harm living things because its chemical constituents are poisonous. This can affect organisms both from internal exposure to oil through ingestion or inhalation and from external exposure through skin and eye irritation. Huge Oil spill can smother some small species of fish or invertebrates and coat feathers and fur, reducing birds' and mammals' ability to maintain their body temperatures.
Picture 3 : Oil slick found at soil layer beside mangrove tree.
⦁ AIR POLLUTION
North Port severely having haze during the site visit. Visibility in Port Klang fluctuated between 0.00 and 0.5 nautical mile when the air pollutant index reached a high of 495. North Port pilots have been trained to navigate in conditions of restricted visibility besides also taking advantage of short periods of improved visibility to safely navigate ships in and out of the port.
THE WIND DIRECTION IN NORTH PORT
North Port is protected from high wind flow since it is located in the middle between Titiwangsa mountains and Sumatera island. Wind direction in North Port is not specifically in one direction. The percentage frequency for wind direction is given in table 2. From the table we can observe that the highest total wind direction is to the south and the lowest wind speed total is to the south east.
Picture 3 : wind direction in Malaysia on 8 December 2013
Table 2: Percentage frequency of occurrence of wind speed for given direction (speed up factor of x 2 applied to Subang airport data)
Wind speed (m/s) South East South South West West
< 0.6 5.2 9.1 6.7 8.0
0.6 – 3.0 2.2 2.7 2.0 2.0
3.1 – 6.6 1.3 2.5 2.0 2.1
6.7 – 10.8 0.8 2.1 1.4 2.2
10.9 – 18.8 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4
Total* 9.6 16.7 12.3 14.7
*remaining 46.7% of observation are for other directions.
Table 3: Winds fetch lengths for offshore wave generation for North Port.
Direction (oN) Fetch length (km)
5 50.0
15 45.0
25 21.0
35 15.0
45 11.6
55 13.0
65 14.4
75 14.4
85 14.4
95 22.2
105 32.2
115 77.4
125 307.5
135 210.0
145 94.0
155 95.4
165 92.0
175 81.0
185 71.2
195 59.0
205 66.4
215 95.4
225 100.0
235 105.0
245 100.0
255 105.0
265 127.5
275 137.5
285 192.5
295 360.0
305 1380.0
315 2700.0
325 2490
335 680.0
345 92.5
355 65.0
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